Clinical feasibility of direct peroral cholangioscopy-guided photodynamic therapy for inoperable cholangiocarcinoma performed by using an ultra-slim upper endoscope

Abstract

Background: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising palliative treatment for inoperable cholangiocarcinoma. Cholangioscopy-guided PDT can be useful for identification of tumor margins, determination of the appropriate location for placement of the diffuser, and evaluation of the patient's response to therapy. Objective: To evaluate the feasibility of PDT under direct peroral cholangioscopy (POC) by using an ultra-slim upper endoscope in patients with inoperable cholangiocarcinoma. Design: Prospective, observational, pilot study. Setting: Single tertiary-care referral center. Patients: This study involved 9 patients with inoperable extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Intervention: Photofrin II was administered intravenously 48 hours before PDT. Additional PDT was performed up to 48 hours after the initial application of therapy. A successful direct POC guided PDT was defined as advancement of the endoscope into the distal margin of the tumor and maintenance of endoscope position until PDT was completed. Main Outcome Measurements: The clinical feasibility, usefulness, and complications of direct POC for PDT. Results: Seventeen sessions of direct POC for PDT were performed in 9 patients. PDT was performed successfully in 15 of 17 sessions (88.2%) and 7 of 9 patients (77.8%). Biliary drainage under direct POC, if necessary after PDT, was possible in 100% of patients (7/7). Follow-up direct POC confirmed significant tumor ablation after PDT in 5 patients. One patient reported mild skin redness; no major procedure-related complications were observed. Limitations: Small sample size, pilot study. Conclusion: Direct POC guided PDT by using an ultra-slim upper endoscope seems to be both feasible and safe in select patients with inoperable extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. (Gastrointest Endosc 2011;73:808-13.)