Programmed death-1 (PD-1) ligand 1 and PD-1 ligand 2 expressions and their clinical relevance in colorectal cancer

Abstract

PURPOSE: Programmed death-1 and its ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2) can induce T-cell apoptosis in many solid tumors, although there is limited information regarding their roles in colorectal cancer.